Lithium batteries: which technologies for which uses?

Since their first commercial launch in the 1990s, Lithium-ion batteries have experienced huge technological and economical progresses in different fields of application. Thanks to this accelerated evolution, these devices accompanied the development of electromobility since the 2000s. Therefore, they are considered the most efficient technology for electric vehicles, and in other applications such as stationary storage.

What is a Lithium-ion battery?

A Lithium-ion battery is an electrochemical energy storage device consisting of two electrodes, a positive electrode, the cathode, and a negative electrode, the anode, between which the Lithium ions move back and forth during battery operation.

The most common intercalation material for the anode is graphite, known for its ability to intercalate lithium at a potential close to that of metallic lithium. For the cathode, a wide variety of intercalation materials has been suggested and used depending on the application and need, such as NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) or LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate).

How do they differ?

NMC batteries are the most common, offering one of the best energy/weight ratios (energy density). Due to these performances, NMC-based batteries are popular in the automotive market, seeking power and compactness. LFP batteries have a high degree of inherent stability and are versatile, known for their thermal stability up to very high temperatures and lower risk of thermal runaway.

LFP batteries are ideal for utility, industrial, and material handling vehicles, as well as stationary storage or large vehicles such as buses or boats. LFP-based batteries are durable, with high cycle life and low self-discharge, and are more eco-responsible due to easier extraction of their components.

For these reasons, SIG Energy Technology chose to focus on LFP technology for its safety, durability, and eco-responsibility.